Directriz para reducir el riesgo de transmisión de mycobacterium abscessus durante la práctica clínica odontológica / Guideline to reduce the risk of transmission of mycobacterium abscessusin clinical dental practice

Las medidas de bioseguridad están predestinadas a reducir el riesgo de transmisión de microorganismos a partir de fuentes de infección reconocidas o no reconocidas en clínicas dentales vinculadas con lacontaminación de los materiales, aparatos y/o instrumentos. Un microorganismo reemergente es el Mycobacterium abscessus, que es unabacteria ambiental que puede ocasionar problemas de salud muy serios, por lo que debe ser controlada y prevenida su transmisión.

Biosafety measures are designed to reduce the risk of transmission ofmicroorganisms from recognized or unrecognized sources of infectionin dental procedures associated with the contamination of materials,apparatus, and/or instruments. One reemerging microorganism isMycobacterium abscessus, which is an environmental bacterium thatcan cause serious health problems and therefore needs to be controlledand prevented.

Manifestaciones de la cavidad bucal por infección del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: reporte de caso clínico / Oral manifestations of the HIV virus: report of a clinical case

Las manifestaciones orales por la infección del virus de la inmunode-ficiencia humana son en ocasiones el primer signo de la enfermedad yen muchos casos un indicador de la progresión de la infección hacia elsíndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Las ulceraciones indoloras,diferentes tipos de gingivitis agresivas y la leucoplasia vellosa, se desarrollan muy fácilmente en individuos cuyo sistema inmunológico está comprometido, como el de los pacientes que sufren del virus deinmunodeficiencia adquirida.

Oral manifestations caused by the human immunodefi ciency virusare often the fi rst indication that the person is infected and oftenan indicator of its progression into AIDS. Painless ulcers, assortedtypes of aggressive gingivitis, and hairy leukoplakia develop easilyin individuals whose immune system is compromised, such as thoseinfected with HIV.

AIDS e doenças oportunistas transmissíveis na faixa de fronteira Brasileira / AIDS and transmissible opportunistic diseases in the Brazilian border area

INTRODUÇÃO: A transmissão do HIV e de outras doenças transmissíveis, de pessoa a pessoa, pode ser associada à mobilidade humana. Este trabalho avaliou a incidência de doenças oportunistas transmissíveis entre os casos de AIDS, nos municípios da faixa de fronteira brasileira. MÉTODOS: Os municípios da faixa de fronteira brasileira foram agrupados em três regiões culturais; foram consideradas as notificações feitas ao Ministério da Saúde, entre 1990 e 2003, que tenham sido feitas com os critérios de definição CDC adaptado, Rio de Janeiro/Caracas e óbito; as doenças oportunistas detectadas foram agrupadas de acordo com o tipo de transmissão: 1) inalação do agente; 2) ingestão de água/alimento contaminado e 3) contato interpessoal. A análise descritiva considerou regiões culturais, anos de escolaridade, categoria de transmissão, sexo e faixa etária. RESULTADOS: Houve diferentes padrões de incidência de AIDS nos grupos de doenças oportunistas em cada região cultural. A região extremo-sul apresentou a maior incidência de AIDS; o número de casos de AIDS do sexo feminino foi maior na categoria heterossexual; o número de casos de AIDS do sexo masculino foi maior entre usuários de drogas injetáveis; as doenças transmitidas pelo contato interpessoal foram as mais frequentes, destacando a incidência de monilíases; a tuberculose e a pneumonia foram as mais frequentes dentre as doenças transmitidas pela inalação do agente; as doenças transmitidas pela ingestão de água/alimentos contaminados mostraram um padrão de incidência estável. CONCLUSÕES: A fronteira brasileira é um espaço geográfico importante e heterogêneo; o enfrentamento da AIDS deve reconhecer as diferentes geografias culturais.

INTRODUCTION: Person-to-person transmission of HIV and other communicable diseases may be associated with human geographic mobility. This article evaluated the incidence of transmissible opportunistic diseases among AIDS cases that had been reported by municipalities in the Brazilian border area. METHODS: Brazilian border area municipalities were grouped into three cultural regions; the source data was AIDS cases registered with the Ministry of Health from 1990 to 2003, which were classified according to CDC-adapted, Rio de Janeiro/Caracas and death criteria; detected communicable opportunistic diseases were categorized into groups according to transmission: 1) inhalation agent; 2) contaminated water and/or food ingestion, and 3) interpersonal contact. The descriptive evaluation considered cultural region, years of schooling, sex and age group. RESULTS: Different AIDS incidence patterns were observed among groups of opportunistic diseases in each cultural region. The extreme southern region showed the greatest incidence of AIDS; the absolute incidence of female cases was greatest in the category of heterosexual transmission; the number of male cases was greatest among intravenous drug users; transmission was most frequent in the interpersonal contact group, particularly incidences of candidiasis; tuberculoses and pneumonias were most frequent in the inhalation agent transmission group; the contaminated water/food ingestion transmission group showed an unchanged pattern of absolute incidence. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian border area is a very important and heterogeneous geographic phenomenon; AIDS programs must recognize different cultural geographies.

Mortality due to systemic mycoses as a primary cause of death or in association with AIDS in Brazil: a review from 1996 to 2006

Deaths caused by systemic mycoses such as paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis and zygomycosis amounted to 3,583 between 1996-2006 in Brazil. When analysed as the underlying cause of death, paracoccidioidomycosis represented the most important cause of deaths among systemic mycoses (~ 51.2 percent). When considering AIDS as the underlying cause of death and the systemic mycoses as associated conditions, cryptococcosis (50.9 percent) appeared at the top of the list, followed by candidiasis (30.2 percent), histoplasmosis (10.1 percent) and others. This mortality analysis is useful in understanding the real situation of systemic mycoses in Brazil, since there is no mandatory notification of patients diagnosed with systemic mycoses in the official health system.

Progress in diagnosis of opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS.

The impact of HIV/AIDS is different in developed and developing countries including India. Limited access to health care facilities, lack of infrastructure for diagnostic set up and cost of anti retroviral therapy are some of the reasons. Early accurate diagnosis of opportunistic infections (OIs), the common presenting symptom of the patients, is the key for success of effective management. This review attempts an overview of few of the important OIs with which majority of Indian patients present in the clinics. Emphasis has been on conventional method of diagnostic approach, which is possible in most of the diagnostic laboratory set up in India. Awareness of the disease and maintenance of high index of clinical suspicion are required. An integrated approach to patient management with active interaction between clinicians and microbiologists would be highly beneficial. Introduction of routine in vitro antimicrobial testing system especially for Candida sp, Cryptococcus sp and Mycobacterium sp, is also important, in order to obtain a baseline data on the susceptibility pattern, which not only have therapeutic relevance, but also can predict in advance, any shift in these patterns in the Indian population. Administrative support for the skill development of personnel, facility for data preservation and telemedicine can extend the diagnostic expertise to the remote areas, without affecting the patients mobility.

Clinical profile of HIV in India.

The clinical course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and pattern of opportunistic infections varies from patient to patient and from country to country. The clinical profile of HIV disease in India includes a wide range of conditions like tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis, popular pruritic eruptions, and cytomegalovirus retinitis, among others. Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection in Indian patients with HIV. Occurrence of various AIDS-associated illnesses determines disease progression. Mean survival time of Indian patients after diagnosis of HIV is 92 months. In this review, we discuss the clinical profile of HIV disease through an organ system-based approach. With the availability of antiretroviral therapy at lower cost, the clinical profile of HIV disease in India is now changing to include drug-related toxicities and immune reconstitution syndrome.

Manifestações bucais associadas à Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida / Oral manifestations associated to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Muitas lesões bucais têm sido relatadas em pacientes com Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Sida), desde seus primeiros ralatos publicados em 1981, em homens homossexuais moradores da Califórnia, EUA. A prevalência de lesões bucais está mudando com os avanços na terapia, como o exemplo da HAART. Os autores realizam revisão da literatura sobre as manifestações bucais que podem acometer pacientes com Sida, bem como os tratamentos mais indicados destas lesões

A study on Candida carriage and cytological evaluation of oral mucosa in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients.

This study was undertaken for identification and prevalence of various oral manifestations seen in the oral cavity of HIV infected patients. A quantitative evaluation of candida was done by counting the colony forming units from the oral cavity of HIV infected and non infected individuals. Further, cytopathological changes were evaluated in the oral mucosa of HIV infected patients. Study group consisted of 30 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed HIV seropositive patients, while the control group consisted of 10 subjects who were HIV negative (by ELISA).

Manifestaçöes neurológicas da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida / Neurologic manifestations of AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

A incidência de complicações neurológicas da Sida, que já chegou a 70 por cento durante a primeira década da epidemia, vem apresentando um declínio, que acompanha a melhora do tratamento anti-retroviral. Entretanto, ainda hoje pelo menos 40 por cento dos pacientes infectados pelo HIV desenvolvem sintomas neurológicos no curso de sua doença. O diagnóstico etiológico é muitas vezes difícil, atrasando o início de tratamento específico. Anamnese, exame físico detalhado e procedimentos diagnósticos, se prontamento implementados, evitam o empirismo e diminuem a margem de erro. Este artigo revê a apresentação clínica, procedimentos diagnósticos e tratamento das principais causas de comprometimento neurológico em pacientes contaminados pelo HIV

Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from Bangalore, south India (1989-96).

One hundred patients (95 males, 5 females, mean age at presentation 31.6 +/- 9.4 yr) with various neurological disorders associated with HIV infection during 1989-1996 were evaluated at NIMHANS, Bangalore. Eighty patients belonged to group I associated with opportunistic neuroinfections and 20 to group II--non infectious neurological disorders. Cryptococcal meningitis either alone (n = 31) or associated with tuberculous meningitis (n = 6) was the most common (46.3%) followed by neurotuberculosis either alone (n = 24) or with cerebral toxoplasmosis (n = 4) accounting for 35 per cent. Other opportunistic neuroinfections included cerebral toxoplasmosis, herpes zoster, fulminant pyogenic meningitis and neurosyphilis. Clinical characteristics, diagnostic clues, their laboratory and radiological profiles and problems encountered in diagnosis and management of these opportunistic infections are highlighted. In group II (19 males and one female; mean age of 32.6 +/- 9.4 yr), two patients had cortical dementia, three acute brain stem involvement, two epilepsy and one had features suggestive of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Two patients of group I during follow up developed cortical dementia. Six had peripheral nervous system involvement similar to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Sixty six patients (63 of group I and 3 of group II) progressed to AIDS, 33 patients from group I and one patient from group II succumbed to the disease. With the rapid increase in the incidence of HIV/AIDS and an increase in the neurological manifestations of HIV/AIDS it is important to recognise the magnitude of the problem for health planning in India.

Enfermedad por HIV / HIV disease

Epidemiología: en el mundo se contagia 1 persona cada 6 segundos, son 16.000 nuevos casos por día, en nuestro paíis los casos declarados en estos últimos 4 años constituyen más del 60 por ciento del total de casos acumulados desde 1983, hay un crecimiento importante entre la población heterosexual, mujeres y niños; la relación actual hombre/mujer es de 3/1. Al no contar hasta la fecha con una cura definitiva de la enfermedad, es fundamental elaborar programas de prevención dirigidos a la comunidad. Infección aguda por HIV: es el período de 4 a 7 semanas posterior a la exposición al HIV, que se acompaña de una gran respuesta inmunológica que dura de 30 a 50 días, caracterizadas por alta carga viral y descenso de CD4. Los signos y síntomas son fiebre, linfadenopatía, faringitis, rash, lesiones mácula papulosas eritematosas en cara y tronco y algunas veces en extremidades, incluyendo palmas y plantas de los pies, ulceración mucocutánea en boca, esófago o genitales, mioalgia o artralgia, diarrea. cefalea, náuseas y vómitos, hepatoesplenomegalia, aftas, pérdida de peso, y síntomas neurológicos. La infección primaria representa una oportunidad de erradicar el HIV del organismo, si eso puede ser posible, el tratamiento debe ser agresivo y administrado tan pronto como sea posible, es importante que estos pacientes sean identificados y tratados precozmente, y tener la posibilidad de incluirlos en los estudios clínicos. Tratamiento: el año 96 fue un momento decisivo ya que se reconoció la importancia de la carga viral como una herramienta de pronóstico, sumada a los conteso de CD4; el descubrimiento de nuevas drogas que inhiben la replicación viral, han hecho posible nuevas estrategias terapéuticas. En el último Congreso Mundial en julio del cte., los trabajos de investigación confirmaron un aumento de la sobrevida en casi un 70 por ciento y una disminución de las enfermedades oportunistas en un 90 por ciento. En cuanto a los tratamientos, los mismos deben ser altamente efectivos, a fin de disminuir la carga viral lo más pronto posible; para lograr estos objetivos es mandatorio que el tratamiento sea instituido por un profesional entrenado en el tema y que el paciente tenga adherencia a la terapéutica. Profilaxis postexposición: Se recomienda ofrecer un asesoramiento integral al accidentado por personal entrenado y en caso de necesitar medicación antirretroviral, la misma debe ser administrada antes de las 2 horas

Avaliaçäo do uso da Classificaçäo Internacional de Doenças para codificar a síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida / Evaluation of the use of the International Classification of Diseases for the codification of AIDS

A Classificaçäo Internacional de Doenças (CID) provê códigos para todas as doenças e permite que façam comparaçöes internacionais da morbidade e da mortalidade. Por ser ampla e de uso em locais com características bastante diversas, nem sempre é adequada. Existem revisöes periódicas da CID para que esta seja atualizada e as novas doenças descritas sejam incluídas. Foi o que aconteceu com a AIDS, incorporada no capítulo de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias da décima revisäo da CID. Por esse motivo, foi avaliado o uso dos códigos da CID-10 na codificaçäo da AIDS. Foram utilizadas as fichas de vigilância epidemiológica de todos os casos diagnosticados em um hospital especializado em doenças infecciosas, em 1994. Verificou-se que nem sempre era possível codificar as fichas apenas com a utilizaçäo de um único código, proposto pela CID-10, para a AIDS e suas manifestaçöes e complicaçöes